2017 Canada National Olympiad

1

For pairwise distinct nonnegative reals $a,b,c$, prove that $$\frac{a^2}{(b-c)^2}+\frac{b^2}{(c-a)^2}+\frac{c^2}{(b-a)^2}>2$$.

2

Define a function $f(n)$ from the positive integers to the positive integers such that $f(f(n))$ is the number of positive integer divisors of $n$. Prove that if $p$ is a prime, then $f(p)$ is prime.

3

Define $S_n$ as the set ${1,2,\cdots,n}$. A non-empty subset $T_n$ of $S_n$ is called $balanced$ if the average of the elements of $T_n$ is equal to the median of $T_n$. Prove that, for all $n$, the number of balanced subsets $T_n$ is odd.

4

Let $ABCD$ be a parallelogram. Points $P$ and $Q$ lie inside $ABCD$ such that $\bigtriangleup ABP$ and $\bigtriangleup{BCQ}$ are equilateral. Prove that the intersection of the line through $P$ perpendicular to $PD$ and the line through $Q$ perpendicular to $DQ$ lies on the altitude from $B$ in $\bigtriangleup{ABC}$.

5

There are $100$ circles of radius one in the plane. A triangle formed by the centres of any three given circles has area at most $2017$. Prove that there is a line intersecting at least three of the circles.