2020 Latvia Baltic Way TST

Day 1

1

Prove that for positive reals $a,b,c$ satisfying $a+b+c=3$ the following inequality holds: $$ \frac{a}{1+2b^3}+\frac{b}{1+2c^3}+\frac{c}{1+2a^3} \ge 1 $$

2

Determine all functions $f:\mathbb R\to\mathbb R$ that satisfy equation: $$ f(x^3+y^3) =f(x^3) + 3x^2f(x)f(y) + 3f(x)f(y)^2 + y^6f(y) $$for all reals $x,y$

3

Prove that for all positive integers $n$ the following inequality holds: $$ \frac{1}{1^2 +2020}+\frac{1}{2^2+2020} + \ldots + \frac{1}{n^2+2020} < \frac{1}{22} $$

4

Given cubic polynomial with integer coefficients and three irrational roots. Show that none of these roots can be root of quadratic equation with integer coefficients.

5

Natural numbers $1,2,...,500$ are written on a blackboard. Two players $A$ and $B$ consecutively make moves, $A$ starts. Each move a player chooses two numbers $n$ and $2n$ and erases them from the blackboard. If a player cannot perform a valid move, he loses. Which player can guarantee a win?

6

For a natural number $n \ge 3$ we denote by $M(n)$ the minimum number of unit squares that must be coloured in a $6 \times n$ rectangle so that any possible $2 \times 3$ rectangle (it can be rotated, but it must be contained inside and cannot be cut) contains at least one coloured unit square. Is it true that for every natural $n \ge 3$ the number $M(n)$ can be expressed as $M(n)=p_n+k_n^3$, where $p_n$ is a prime and $k_n$ is a natural number?

7

Natural numbers from $1$ to $400$ are divided in $100$ disjoint sets. Prove that one of the sets contains three numbers which are lengths of a non-degenerate triangle's sides.

8

A magician has $300$ cards with numbers from $1$ to $300$ written on them, each number on exactly one card. The magician then lays these cards on a $3 \times 100$ rectangle in the following way - one card in each unit square so that the number cannot be seen and cards with consecutive numbers are in neighbouring squares. Afterwards, the magician turns over $k$ cards of his choice. What is the smallest value of $k$ for which it can happen that the opened cards definitely determine the exact positions of all other cards?

Day 2

9

Given $\triangle ABC$, whose all sides have different length. Point $P$ is chosen on altitude $AD$. Lines $BP$ and $CP$ intersect lines $AC, AB$ respectively and point $X, Y$.It is given that $AX=AY$. Prove that there is circle, whose centre lies on $BC$ and is tangent to sides $AC$ and $AB$ at points $X,Y$.

10

Given $\triangle ABC$ and it's orthocenter $H$. Point $P$ is arbitrary chosen on the side $ BC$. Let $Q$ and $R$ be reflections of point $P$ over sides $AB, AC$. It is given that points $Q,H,R$ are collinear. Prove that $\triangle ABC$ is right angled.

11

Circle centred at point $O$ intersects sides $AC, AB$ of triangle $\triangle ABC$ at points $B_1$ and $C_1$ respectively and passes through points $B,C$. It is known that lines $AO, CC_1, BB_1 $ are concurrent. Prove that $\triangle ABC$ is isosceles.

12

There are rhombus $ABCD$ and circle $\Gamma_B$, which is centred at $B$ and has radius $BC$, and circle $\Gamma_C$, which is centred at $C$ and has radius $BC$. Circles $\Gamma_B$ and $\Gamma_C$ intersect at point $E$. The line $ED$ intersects $\Gamma_B$ at point $F$. Find all possible values of $\angle AFB$.

13

It is given that $n$ and $\sqrt{12n^2+1}$ are both positive integers. Prove that: $$ \sqrt{ \frac{\sqrt{12n^2+1}+1}{2}} $$is also positive integer.

14

Prove that there are infinitely many different triangles in coordinate plane satisfying: 1) their vertices are lattice points 2) their side lengths are consecutive integers Remark: Triangles that can be obtained by rotation or translation or shifting the coordinate system are considered as equal triangles

15

Let $p$ be a prime. Prove that $p^2+p+1$ is never a perfect cube.

16

Given sequence $\{a_n\}$ satisfying: $$ a_{n+1} = \frac{ lcm(a_n,a_{n-1})}{\gcd(a_n, a_{n-1})} $$It is given that $a_{209} =209$ and $a_{361} = 361$. Find all possible values of $a_{2020}$.