In a group of $m$ girls and $n$ boys, any two persons either know each other or do not know each other. For any two boys and any two girls, there are at least one boy and one girl among them,who do not know each other. Prove that the number of unordered pairs of (boy, girl) who know each other does not exceed $m+\frac{n(n-1)}{2}$.
Problem
Source: China ningbo ,12 Aug 2013
Tags: symmetry, pigeonhole principle, inequalities, graph theory, combinatorics proposed, combinatorics
13.08.2013 16:33
Since it is irrelevant which persons of the same gender know each other, we may assume there ore none such, and consider the bipartite graph $G$ having the left shore made of the $n$ boys and the right shore made of the $m$ girls, with an edge connecting a boy and a girl if they know each other. The condition means $G$ does not contain any induced $C_4$ cycle of length $4$, and the requirement is to show the number $E$ of edges satisfies $E \leq m + \dfrac {n(n-1)} {2}$. Thus it is an extremal graph theory question, for bipartite $(n,m)$ graphs with forbidden $C_4$'s; by symmetry we should also have $E \leq n + \dfrac {m(m-1)} {2}$. Denote by $A$ the set of girls that each knows exactly one boy, and by $B$ the set of girls that each knows more than one boy; take $a=|A|$ and $b = |B|$. We obviously have $a+b\leq m$ and $E= a + \sum_{g\in B} \deg g$. Let us count the number $N$ of objects $\{g, \{b_1,b_2\}\}$, where $g\in B$ is a girl, $b_1,b_2$ are distinct boys, and $g$ knows both $b_1,b_2$. For each of the $\dfrac {n(n-1)} {2}$ doubletons $\{b_1,b_2\}$ there is at most one girl $g$ knowing them both (by the condition), so $N \leq \dfrac {n(n-1)} {2}$. Moreover, by pigeonhole we have $b\leq \dfrac {n(n-1)}{2}$. On the other hand, we have $N = \sum_{g\in B} \dfrac {\deg g(\deg g - 1)} {2} \geq$ $ \dfrac {b} {2} \dfrac {\sum_{g\in B} \deg g} {b} \left ( \dfrac {\sum_{g\in B} \deg g} {b} - 1\right ) =$ $ \dfrac{(E-a)((E-a) - b)} {2b}$, by Jensen's inequality. We thus need $(E-a)^2 - b(E-a) - bn(n-1) \leq 0$, so $E-a \leq \dfrac {b + \sqrt{b^2 + 4bn(n-1)}} {2} \leq$ $ \dfrac {b + \sqrt{b^2 + 2bn(n-1) + (n(n-1))^2}} {2} =$ $ \dfrac {b + (b + n(n-1))} {2} =$ $ b + \dfrac {n(n-1)} {2}$. Finally, we get $E \leq a+ b + \dfrac {n(n-1)} {2} \leq m + \dfrac {n(n-1)} {2}$. For equality to be reached we obviously need $b= \dfrac {n(n-1)} {2}$, namely for each pair of boys having exactly one girl knowing both of them; and then we need $a = m-b$.
14.08.2013 01:18
Another solution: Consider the bipartite graph where there are girls $G$ and boys $B$ and denote the girls by $g_i$'s and boys by $b_i$'s as vertices. Let $x_i$ denote the number of edges from the vertex $g_i$ to set $B$. If $g_i$ is connected to some $b_k$ and $b_\ell$ then for any $j \neq i$ the girl $g_j$ must not connected to both $b_k$ and $b_\ell$. Now let us count such pairs. For every girl $g_i$ there are $\dbinom{x_i}{2}$ many pair of edges. Since all such edge pairs must be distinct for all girls, and since there are at most $\dbinom{n}{2}$ such pairs, we have \[ \dbinom{x_1}{2}+\dbinom{x_2}{2}+\ldots+\dbinom{x_m}{2} \leq \dbinom{n}{2} \] or equivalently \[ x_1^2+x_2^2+\ldots+x_m^2-(x_1+x_2+\ldots+x_m) \leq n^2-n \] Now assume that $x_1, x_2, \ldots, x_k$ are greater than or equal to $2$ and $x_{k+1}, x_{k+2}, \ldots, x_m$ are $0$ or $1$. Then we have \[ x_1^2+x_2^2+\ldots+x_k^2-(x_1+x_2+\ldots+x_k) \leq n^2-n \] and we need to show that $x_1+x_2+\ldots+x_k \leq k+\dbinom{n}{2}$. Since $x_i \geq 2$ for $1 \leq i \leq k$ we have $x_i^2-x_i \geq 2$ and hence $2k \leq n^2-n$. Now by Cauchy-Schwarz inequality we have \[ x_1^2+x_2^2+\ldots+x_k^2 \geq \frac{(x_1+x_2+\ldots+x_k)^2}{k} \] and if $x_1+x_2+\ldots+x_k=A$, we have \[ \frac{A^2}{k}-A \leq n^2-n \] and we need to show that $A \leq k+ \dbinom{n}{2}$. Assume $A > k+\dbinom{n}{2}$. Then we have \[ k(n^2-n) \geq A(A-k) > \left[k+\dbinom{n}{2}\right] \cdot \dbinom{n}{2} \] which means that $2k > n^2-n$ which is a contradiction. So, we are done.
21.08.2013 01:13
Lets call boys $(B{}_i){}_{i=1,...,n}$ and girls $(G{}_i){}_{i=1,...,m}$. Now set $S{}_{B{}_k}=\{G_i/ G{}_iB{}_k=1 \}$ (1 means they know each other...). It's clear that any two different sets $S_B$ have at most one element in common else we will breach problem's condition. if we call $\pi$ the set of unordered pairs (boy,girl) that know each other then $\#(\pi)= \sum^n_{k=1} \#(S{}_{B{}_k}) \leq \# (\cup^n_{k=1} S{}_{B{}_k}) + \sum_{i<j} \# (S{}_B{}_i \cap S{}_B{}_j) \leq m + \dbinom{n}{2} $
12.11.2021 18:03
The problem reformulated is just a bipartite graph with the partitioned vertex sets of size $m,n$,that lacks a $K_{2,2}$. The problem follows by double counting triples (A,B,C),where boys $A,B$ know girl $C$.
01.07.2022 13:55
The conditions imply that for any two boys, they know at most one girl. Let $x_i$ be the number of girls that know exactly $i$ boys. Then $\sum_{i=1}^n{x_i}=m$. Thus counting the pairs of two boys and one girl we see that $$\sum{\frac{i(i-1)}{2}x_i} \leq \frac{n(n-1)}{2}.$$Thus the number of boy-girl pairs is $$\sum_{i=1}^n{ix_i}=m+\sum_{i=2}^n{(i-1)x_i}\leq\sum{\frac{i(i-1)}{2}x_i} \leq \frac{n(n-1)}{2}$$as desired.
18.09.2023 01:12
Very weird problem. Label the bipartitions as $A$ and $B$ with $A$ having $m$ vertices. Let $x_1, x_2, \dots, x_m$ be the degrees of the $m$ vertices, and assume WLOG that $x_i \geq 2$ for each $i$. (If otherwise, just neglect the vertices that have degree $1$ and look at the rest.) By Jensen inequality $$m{\frac{|E|}m \choose 2} \leq \sum_{i=1}^m {x_i \choose 2} \leq {n \choose 2},$$as any two vertices in $B$ share at most one common neighbor. Now I claim that ${n \choose 2} \geq m$. This is clear, as if otherwise, we would have $$m > \sum_{i=1}^m {x_i \choose 2} \geq \sum_{i=1}^m 1 = m.$$But if $|E| > m+{n \choose 2}$, we have $$\frac{n(n-1)(2m+n(n-1))}{4m} > n(n-1),$$which is an obvious contradiction.
27.09.2024 17:02
If we view $C_4$ as $K_{2,2}$ then this problem becomes trivial. Double count triples $(u_1,u_2,v)$ where $u_1$, $u_2$ belong to the ``$n$" subset and $v$ belongs to the ``$m$" subset. This readily gives us \[\binom{n}2 \geq \sum_{i} \binom{\deg v_i}2 \geq \sum_i \deg(v_i)-1=E-m\]where $E$ is the number of edges.