Problem

Source: 2019 Israel Olympic Revenge P1

Tags: algebra, polynomial



A polynomial $P$ in $n$ variables and real coefficients is called magical if $P(\mathbb{N}^n)\subset \mathbb{N}$, and moreover the map $P: \mathbb{N}^n \to \mathbb{N}$ is a bijection. Prove that for all positive integers $n$, there are at least \[n!\cdot (C(n)-C(n-1))\]magical polynomials, where $C(n)$ is the $n$-th Catalan number. Here $\mathbb{N}=\{0,1,2,\dots\}$.