From a set of consecutive natural numbers one number is excluded so that the aritmetic mean of the remaining numbers is $ 50.55$. Find the initial set of numbers and the excluded number.
Problem
Source: Moldova NMO 2002 grade 8 problem nr.6
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azn6021023
02.11.2008 17:24
The arithmetic mean of a sequence of natural numbers beginning with one is $ \frac {n + 1}{2}$. For $ n = 99\rightarrow101$, the mean is very close to the mean with one missing number. This suggests that the mean of the initial numbers is either $ 50, 50.5, 51$. Arithmetic mean does not vary if we shorten the sequence by eliminating the front and end numbers in pairs.
Now we need to find how short to cut it. $ 50.55$ suggests that there are $ 21$ initial terms because of the $ \frac {11}{20}$ found in the mean without one term. This eliminates numbers with a mean of $ 50.5$ since that occurs from an even number of natural numbers. Furthermore, the greatest difference that can result from removing one integer from a sequence is $ .5$, which eliminates $ 50$ as a possible mean. Thus, the mean must be $ 51$. Removing the largest number from the sequence ($ 61$) results in a shift of the mean to $ 50.5$. Since we want a number $ \frac {1}{20}$ away from this mean, we can remove the second largest number.
The initial set of numbers was $ 41\rightarrow61$ and the removed number was $ 60$.