In the city built are $2019$ metro stations. Some pairs of stations are connected. tunnels, and from any station through the tunnels you can reach any other. The mayor ordered to organize several metro lines: each line should include several different stations connected in series by tunnels (several lines can pass through the same tunnel), and in each station must lie at least on one line. To save money no more than $k$ lines should be made. It turned out that the order of the mayor is not feasible. What is the largest $k$ it could to happen?
Problem
Source: St. Petersburg 2019 9.2
Tags: combinatorics
30.10.2019 12:45
\bump...
02.11.2019 17:39
The answer is $1008$. An example of a metro system which cannot be covered with $1008$ lines is when the metro station $S_1$ is connected to all the others stations $S_i,i=2,3,\dots,2019$, and there are no other tunnels. Further, it's enough to show any metro system can be covered with $1009$ lines. In fact, we have a connected graph $G$ and want to cover its vertices with paths. Consider a spanning tree $T$ of $G$. It contains $2018$ edges. We delete all other edges of $G$ which are not edges in $T$. Clearly, for any two edges of $T$, there is a path in $T$ that contains both edges. Thus, we partition the edges of $T$ into pairs and construct $1009$ paths that cover them. Obviously, they also cover all the vertices of $T$ (and so of $G$).
11.06.2021 22:57
Nice problem even if misunderstood it first (oops) ! Here's a slightly different approach. Answer. $1008$. Counterexample for the answer. Take a vertex $v$ and connect it to all the remaining ones directly , then any simple path contains at most $2$ vertices other than $v$, at least $1009$ paths are needed. Estimate. We claim that for a connected graph on $n$ vertices ($n$ is odd) it's possible to cover all vertices with $(n-1)/2$ such paths. We use induction, the base case is clear and taking a connected graph on $(n+2)$ vertices and deleting some $2$ leaves from its spanning tree we'll be done by induction hypothesis, so just connect them before removing.