We call a tetrahedron a "trirectangular " if it has a vertex (we call this is called a "right-angled" vertex) in which the planes of the three sides of the tetrahedron intersect at right angles. Prove the "three-dimensional Pythagorean theorem": The square of the area of the opposite face of the "right-angled" vertex of the ""trirectangular " tetrahedron is equal to the sum of the squares of the areas of three other sides of the tetrahedron .
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Tags: geometry, 3D geometry, tetrahedron, area of a triangle, areas
23.03.2020 15:59
For the side opposite of the right angle, is there a better way to calculate it than Heron's?
23.03.2020 16:17
3d analytic geometry leads to different paths
25.03.2020 08:03
Let the lengths of the edges with one endpoint at the vertex with the right angles be $a,b,c$. Then, the areas of the three adjacent faces is $\frac{ab}{2},\frac{bc}{2},\frac{ca}{2}$. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the side lengths of the fourth face are $\sqrt{a^2+b^2},\sqrt{b^2+c^2},\sqrt{c^2+a^2}$. Let these be $x,y,z$. Then, by Heron's formula the area of this triangle is $$\sqrt{\frac{-x^4-y^4-z^4+2(x^2y^2+y^2z^2+z^2x^2)}{16}}=\frac{\sqrt{-(a^2+b^2)^2-(b^2+c^2)^2-(c^2+a^2)^2+2\left((a^2+b^2)(b^2+c^2)+(b^2+c^2)(c^2+a^2)+(c^2+a^2)(a^2+b^2)\right)}}{4}$$$$=\frac{\sqrt{-2a^4-2b^4-2c^4-2a^2b^2-2b^2c^2-2c^2a^2+2\left(a^4+b^4+c^4+3a^2b^2+3b^2c^2+3c^2a^2\right)}}{4}$$$$\frac{\sqrt{4a^2b^2+4b^2c^2+4c^2a^2}}{4}=\frac{\sqrt{(ab)^2+(bc)^2+(ca)^2}}{2}.$$From here it is evident that the problem is true because $$\left(\frac{\sqrt{(ab)^2+(bc)^2+(ca)^2}}{2}\right)^2=\left(\frac{ab}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{bc}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{ca}{2}\right)^2.$$
26.03.2020 03:27
Alternatively, let the coordinates of the vertices of the tetrahedron be $(0,0,0)$, $(x,0,0)$, $(0,y,0)$ and $(0,0,z)$. It's easy to compute the three non-opposite areas as $\tfrac{1}{2}xy$, $\tfrac{1}{2}yz$, and $\tfrac{1}{2}xz$. For the opposite face, we will use the fact that $$||\vec{v}\times\vec{w}||=||\vec v||\cdot||\vec w||\cdot\sin(\theta_{\text{bet}}).$$Note that the area of the triangle defined by these vectors is half the cross product. Starting at $(x,0,0)$, we can get to $(0,y,0)$ and $(0,0,z)$ by adding vectors $(-x,y,0)$ and $(-x,0,z)$. Taking the cross product, we get $$\left[\begin{matrix}\hat i & \hat j & \hat k \\ -x & y & 0 \\ -x & 0 & z \end{matrix}\right]=\langle yz,xz,xy\rangle,$$which has magnitude $\sqrt{(yz)^2+(xz)^2+(xy)^2}$. Taking half of this quantity and squaring gives $$\left(\frac{\sqrt{(yz)^2+(xz)^2+(xy)^2}}{2}\right)^2=\left(\frac{xy}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{yz}{2}\right)^2+\left(\frac{xz}{2}\right)^2,$$as desired. $\blacksquare$